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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

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As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:19

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Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Related Experiment Video

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Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity
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Conductometric biosensor for arginine determination in pharmaceutics.

O V Soldatkina1, O O Soldatkin2, T P Velychko1

  • 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01003 Kyiv, Ukraine.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|July 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel conductometric biosensor coimmobilizing urease and arginase enables precise arginine determination in pharmaceuticals. This optimized biosensor offers high sensitivity and stability for drug analysis.

Keywords:
ArginaseArginineBiosensorConductometryUrease

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Arginine is a crucial amino acid in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Accurate determination of arginine is essential for drug quality control.
  • Existing analytical methods may lack the sensitivity or efficiency required for pharmaceutical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a conductometric biosensor for sensitive and selective arginine determination.
  • To evaluate the analytical performance and stability of the developed biosensor.
  • To apply the biosensor for quantifying arginine in pharmaceutical products.

Main Methods:

  • Coimmobilization of urease and arginase enzymes onto a conductometric sensor.
  • Optimization of immobilization parameters (enzyme and glutaraldehyde concentrations, incubation time).
  • Optimization of solution parameters (pH, ionic strength, buffer capacity, Mn2+ concentration).

Main Results:

  • Optimized biosensor exhibited a limit of detection of 2.5 μM and a linear range of 2.5-500 μM.
  • Achieved high sensitivity (13.4 ± 2.4 μS/mM) and rapid response time (20 s).
  • Demonstrated good repeatability, operational stability over a week, and selectivity against other amino acids.

Conclusions:

  • The developed conductometric biosensor is effective for arginine determination in pharmaceutical samples.
  • The biosensor provides accurate and reliable results, correlating well with manufacturer specifications.
  • This technology offers a promising tool for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.