Subtropical cyclones over the oceanic basins: a review

Area of Science:

• Meteorology
• Atmospheric Science
• Oceanography

Background:

• Subtropical cyclones exhibit characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones.
• These hybrid systems possess a warm core at low altitudes and a cold core at upper altitudes.
• They form either as distinct subtropical systems or through transitions from other cyclone types.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of subtropical cyclone features.
• To analyze the development of subtropical cyclones over major oceanic basins.
• To synthesize observational and numerical simulation findings.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing observational data.
• Analysis of numerical simulation outputs.
• Synthesis of findings across different oceanic basins.

Main Results:

• Subtropical cyclones are predominantly observed over oceanic regions.
• These systems generate significant near-surface winds, posing risks to human activities and ecosystems.
• Key features and development processes are detailed based on empirical and model-based evidence.

Conclusions:

• Subtropical cyclones are significant meteorological phenomena with dual characteristics.
• Understanding their development is crucial due to their substantial environmental and societal impacts.
• This review consolidates current knowledge on their features and formation.