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Related Concept Videos

Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

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The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused01:20

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In a spring-mass-damper system, the second-order differential equation describes the dynamic behavior of the system. When transformed into the Laplace domain under zero initial conditions, this equation can be effectively analyzed and manipulated. The transformation into the Laplace domain converts differential equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of isolating the output.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Sonar guided focused parathyroidectomy under cervical block.

I Bombil1, L Louw2, C Mitchell1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and the Faculty of Health sciences. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

South African Journal of Surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Chirurgie
|July 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Focused parathyroidectomy using sonar guidance and superficial cervical block (SCB) is effective. This minimally invasive approach, guided by preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound, showed good correlation between imaging and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Hyperparathyroidism diagnosis is simplified by automated calcium analysis and Sestamibi scans.
  • Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for parathyroid adenoma is common, but surgical extent varies.
  • Focused parathyroidectomy under sonar guidance and superficial cervical block (SCB) is presented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of focused parathyroidectomy performed under sonar guidance and SCB.
  • To assess the concordance of preoperative imaging with intraoperative and postoperative findings.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of parathyroidectomies conducted between January 2013 and December 2014.
  • Focused parathyroidectomy performed under sonar guidance and SCB.
  • Prerequisite included concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound imaging.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 15 cases demonstrated good correlation between preoperative imaging, intraoperative findings, and postoperative histology.
  • The technique proved effective in guiding the focused parathyroidectomy.

Conclusions:

  • Focused parathyroidectomy under SCB yields favorable results.
  • Concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound findings are crucial for successful focused parathyroidectomy.