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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.2K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

35.9K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
35.9K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.3K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.3K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

49.3K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
49.3K
Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

34.0K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
34.0K

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
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Strong, Conductive, Foldable Graphene Sheets by Sequential Ionic and π Bridging.

Sijie Wan1,2, Shaoli Fang3, Lei Jiang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 20, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a low-temperature process for strong, tough, conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets without polymers. Combining ionic and π-π bonding agents significantly enhanced mechanical and electrical properties for advanced applications.

Keywords:
ionic bridgingrGO sheetsequential bridgingπ bridging

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) shows promise for advanced materials.
  • Existing methods for rGO sheet production often involve polymers or high temperatures, limiting applications.
  • Enhancing mechanical strength, toughness, and electrical conductivity of rGO is crucial for broader technological adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an inexpensive, low-temperature, polymer-free process for producing high-performance rGO sheets.
  • To investigate the effects of ionic and π-π bonding agents on the properties of rGO sheets.
  • To achieve superior mechanical and electrical characteristics in rGO sheets for demanding applications.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of ionic bonding agents (Cr³⁺) and π-π bonding agents (pyrene end groups) on rGO sheets.
  • Systematic application of single and combined bonding agents to rGO.
  • Characterization of mechanical properties (tensile strength, toughness) and electrical conductivity.
  • Assessment of property retention under mechanical stress, ultrasonic treatment, and corrosive environments.

Main Results:

  • The π-π bonding agent alone significantly improved rGO properties compared to the ionic agent.
  • Successive application of ionic and π-π bonding agents yielded the highest tensile strength (821 MPa) and toughness (20 MJ m⁻³).
  • Achieved high electrical conductivity (416 S cm⁻¹) with excellent long-term stability in corrosive solutions and resistance to mechanical stress and ultrasonication.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, cost-effective, low-temperature method for producing high-performance rGO sheets has been established.
  • The synergistic effect of combined ionic and π-π bonding agents is key to maximizing rGO sheet performance.
  • The resulting rGO sheets demonstrate significant potential for applications in aerospace and flexible electronics due to their enhanced durability and conductivity.