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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.8K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.8K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.9K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.2K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.2K
Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

480
Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
480
Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

70.4K
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
70.4K

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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
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In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

Published on: March 30, 2015

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Imaging of Solid Renal Masses.

Fernando U Kay1, Ivan Pedrosa1

  • 1Department of Radiology; UT Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Road, Suite 210, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America
|July 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Despite increased detection of kidney masses, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mortality has not decreased. Advanced imaging aims to better characterize these lesions, distinguishing benign from malignant tumors, which remains a diagnostic challenge.

Keywords:
AngiomyolipomaImage-guided biopsyLymphomaMR imagingRenal cell carcinomaRenal oncocytomaUltrasonographyX-ray computed tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Increased incidental detection of renal masses via imaging has not lowered renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mortality.
  • Clinical management algorithms now incorporate lesion characterization to differentiate significant tumors from benign conditions.
  • Distinguishing between benign renal tumors and malignant neoplasms (indolent or aggressive) presents a significant diagnostic hurdle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and role of diagnostic imaging in characterizing solid renal tumors.
  • To highlight advances in cross-sectional imaging for noninvasive assessment of renal masses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on renal mass characterization.
  • Analysis of advances in cross-sectional imaging techniques.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic challenges in differentiating renal tumors.

Main Results:

  • Despite improved detection, differentiating benign from malignant renal tumors remains challenging.
  • Cross-sectional imaging plays an increasingly vital role in noninvasive tumor characterization.
  • Current imaging strategies aim to guide management by assessing tumor significance.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced imaging techniques are crucial for noninvasive characterization of solid renal tumors.
  • Accurate differentiation of renal masses impacts clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
  • Further advancements in imaging are needed to overcome diagnostic challenges in renal tumor assessment.