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Related Concept Videos

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Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs
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Robotic Flexible Electronics with Self-Bendable Films.

Hunpyo Ju1, Jinmo Jeong1,2, Pyo Kwak1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Soft Robotics
|July 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed actively self-bendable robotic flexible electronics. These electrically controlled flexible films offer reversible bending for new applications like soft robotics and displays.

Keywords:
actively bendable flexible electronicsflexible electronicsself-bendable filmsoft robotics

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Flexible electronics offer mechanical resilience and conformability, expanding applications.
  • Current flexible devices are mostly passively bendable, requiring external forces.
  • Actively bendable devices enable new functionalities and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop actively self-bendable flexible films for robotic electronics.
  • To create a platform for flexible electronics with electrically controlled reversible bending.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of self-bendable displays and soft robotic hands.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental studies on actively self-bendable flexible films.
  • Mechanical modeling for predictable structural transformations.
  • Electrical control for reversible bending and unbending.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated actively self-bendable flexible films with electrical control.
  • Achieved predictable and reversible shape transformations by adjusting design parameters.
  • Successfully created self-bendable flexible displays and soft robotic hands.

Conclusions:

  • The developed robotic flexible electronics platform enables active, electrically controlled bending.
  • This technology opens new avenues for conformable electronics and soft robotics.
  • The concept is validated through functional demonstrations of displays and robotic hands.