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Kidney Structure

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...

External Anatomy of the Kidney

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 4, 2022

Kidney on chips.

Jeonghwan Lee¹, Kipyo Kim², Sejoong Kim²

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Methods in Cell Biology

|July 25, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Kidney-on-a-chip technology, including tubule and glomerulus models, offers advanced tools for studying kidney diseases. These microfluidic devices show promise for diagnosing and treating chronic kidney disease, driven by rising diabetes and hypertension rates.

Keywords:

Glomerulus Kidney Nephrotoxicity Organ-on-a-chip Tubule

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Biotechnology
Microfluidics

Background:

Kidney tubule-on-a-chip models have been available since 2001, enabling drug toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies.
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is increasing globally, largely due to diabetes and hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

To review updated microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technologies in nephrology.
To discuss the potential of glomerulus-on-a-chip models for diagnosing and managing chronic kidney disease.

Main Methods:

Development and application of kidney tubule-on-a-chip devices.
Introduction of glomerulus-on-a-chip models using induced pluripotent stem cells.

Main Results:

Existing kidney tubule-on-a-chip models are used for drug toxicity and pharmacokinetic assessments.
Glomerulus-on-a-chip represents an advanced model with promising, though challenging, applications for chronic kidney disease.

Conclusions:

Organ-on-a-chip technology, particularly glomerulus-on-a-chip, is advancing nephrological research.
These models hold potential for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in managing chronic kidney diseases.