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What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area.
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

Published on: March 1, 2014

Contextual fear conditioning modulates the gene expression over time.

G Federighi, G Traina, R Bernardi

¹Department of Translational Research and News Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy -

Archives Italiennes De Biologie

|July 25, 2018

Summary

Long-term memory formation in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) involves dynamic gene expression changes. Key genes like Trim32 and Stmn1 show sustained or re-emerging modulation up to 20 days post-conditioning.

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

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Published on: March 1, 2014

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

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Published on: March 20, 2014

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Published on: August 22, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Behavioral Genetics

Background:

Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) establishes long-term memory through association.
Previous studies identified specific gene modulations 2 days after CFC.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the long-term temporal dynamics of gene expression following CFC.
To identify genes with sustained or delayed expression changes up to 20 days post-conditioning.

Main Methods:

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to assess gene transcript levels.
Gene expression was monitored in rats at 3, 10, and 20 days after CFC.
Comparison groups included naïve, shock-only (SO), and exploratory (explor) rats.

Main Results:

At 3 days post-CFC, Tiprl and Trim32 were upregulated, while Tomm20 was downregulated.
At 10 days, Trim32 remained upregulated, and Ran expression increased in CFC rats.
At 20 days, Stmn1 and Tiprl re-emerged as significantly upregulated in CFC rats.

Conclusions:

Gene expression patterns following CFC are dynamic and extend beyond 2 days.
Sustained and delayed modulation of specific genes (Trim32, Ran, Stmn1, Tiprl) are associated with long-term memory consolidation.
These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term memory persistence.