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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Chromosomal Abnormalities in Human Lymphocytes after Computed Tomography Scan Procedure.

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Low-dose radiation from CT scans increases chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes, with significant individual variations in sensitivity. This highlights the need to consider personal differences in radiation risk assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Biology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cancer risk and chromosomal abnormalities are linked to moderate-to-high radiation doses.
  • Biological effects of low-dose radiation (<100 mGy), such as from CT scans, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biological effects of low-dose radiation exposure from computed tomography (CT) procedures.
  • To examine chromosomal aberrations, specifically dicentric and ring chromosomes, in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized FISH assays with telomere and centromere PNA probes to analyze chromosomal aberrations.
  • Examined PBLs from 60 non-cancer patients post-CT scans.
  • Confirmed findings in 15 healthy volunteers exposed in vitro to low-dose 137Cs radiation.

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in dicentric and ring chromosomes was observed in patients exposed to CT scans.
  • Individual variations in chromosomal aberration increments were noted.
  • In vitro low-dose exposure confirmed these inter-individual differences in radiation sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Low-dose radiation exposure, such as from CT scans, induces chromosomal aberrations in PBLs.
  • Significant individual variations in radiation sensitivity exist.
  • Medical radiation practices should account for individual differences in radiation sensitivity for accurate risk assessment.