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Related Concept Videos

5-Number Summary01:04

5-Number Summary

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In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence01:23

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Photoluminescence is a process where a molecule absorbs light energy and re-emits it in the form of light. This phenomenon occurs when a substance absorbs photons, promoting its electrons to higher energy level excited states, followed by a relaxation process in which the electrons return to their original ground state energy levels and emit light. Photoluminescence is widely observed in various materials, including semiconductors, and organic and inorganic compounds.
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

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Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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[Intraoperative imaging using fluorescence, 5 years later].

Maxime J M van der Valk1,2, Henricus J M Handgraaf1, Babs G Sibinga-Mulder1

  • 1Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, afd. Heelkunde, Leiden.

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Summary

Fluorescence imaging uses near-infrared light and contrast agents to visualize tissues during surgery. Advances in tumor-specific agents are expanding its applications for detecting cancers and vital structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical imaging
  • Surgical visualization
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Fluorescence imaging utilizes near-infrared light and contrast agents.
  • It aids in visualizing specific tissue structures, including vital anatomy, sentinel nodes, primary tumors, and metastases.
  • Applications span surgical and laparoscopic procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of fluorescence imaging in surgical contexts.
  • To discuss the impact of advanced contrast agents on the technique's applications.

Main Methods:

  • Near-infrared light illumination.
  • Administration of fluorescent contrast agents.
  • Visualisation of target tissues during surgical procedures.

Main Results:

  • Successful visualization of anatomical structures, sentinel nodes, tumors, and metastases.
  • Increased indications for fluorescence imaging due to contrast agent development.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescence imaging is a valuable tool for surgical navigation and tumor detection.
  • Ongoing development of contrast agents enhances its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.