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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

6.9K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
1.8K
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

2.7K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice
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Mandibular bone healing after advancement or setback surgery using sagittal split ramus osteotomy.

Koichiro Ueki1, Akinori Moroi1, Takamitsu Tsutsui1

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Prof. Dr. K Ueki), Division of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
|July 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mandibular bone healing differs after advancement or setback surgery. Class III setback cases showed increased ramus square and width one year post-operation, unlike Class II advancement cases.

Keywords:
AdvancementBone healingRamusSagittal split ramus osteotomySetback

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Orthognathic Surgery
  • Bone Healing and Regeneration

Background:

  • Orthognathic surgery, specifically sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO), is used to correct jaw discrepancies.
  • Understanding bone healing and morphological changes post-SSRO is crucial for predicting outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare mandibular bone healing and morphological changes after SSRO in Class II (advancement) and Class III (setback) surgical cases.
  • To evaluate changes in ramus square, length, and width over time.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 50 patients (100 sides) undergoing bi-maxillary surgery between 2012-2017.
  • Patients divided into Class II (advancement, n=25) and Class III (setback, n=25) groups.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scans used to measure ramus morphology pre-operation, immediately post-operation, and at 1-year follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Class III cases showed a significant increase in ramus square (P < 0.0001) and ramus width (P = 0.0003) at 1 year post-operation.
  • Class II cases showed no significant change in ramus square at 1 year.
  • Ramus width was significantly greater in Class III than Class II cases immediately after (P = 0.0014) and 1 year post-operation (P = 0.0003).

Conclusions:

  • Post-operative changes in mandibular ramus morphology differ significantly between Class II advancement and Class III setback SSRO.
  • Class III setback surgery leads to distinct bone remodeling patterns compared to Class II advancement surgery.