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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

220.2K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
63.0K
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.3K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching
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Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

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Using NEURON for Reaction-Diffusion Modeling of Extracellular Dynamics.

Adam J H Newton1,2, Robert A McDougal1,3, Michael L Hines1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
|July 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational neuroscience now includes whole-tissue modeling by extending the NEURON simulation platform with extracellular modeling. This enables more clinically relevant brain simulations, including spreading depression in neurological conditions.

Keywords:
computer simulationmultiscale modelingreusabilityspreading depressionstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Clinically relevant brain simulations are hindered by a focus on electrophysiology, neglecting multiscale whole-tissue modeling.
  • The extracellular space in neural tissue is an active medium influencing cellular electrophysiology and chemophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the NEURON simulation platform with extracellular modeling capabilities.
  • To enable multiscale whole-tissue simulations of neural dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented extracellular reaction-diffusion modeling within the NEURON platform using a Python-based interface.
  • Utilized a volume-averaging approach characterizing tissue with free volume fraction and tortuosity.
  • Simulated spreading depression to validate the model against analytic results and FiPy.

Main Results:

  • Successfully integrated extracellular modeling into the NEURON simulation environment.
  • Demonstrated the ability to model regional tissue differences and pathological conditions like edema.
  • Validated simulation results against established methods, confirming model accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed NEURON interface facilitates interoperability for complex intracellular/extracellular simulations.
  • This advancement opens new pathways for more comprehensive and clinically relevant computational neuroscience models.
  • Enables future standardization efforts in cross-simulator modeling.