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In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
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Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Moving charges experience a force in a magnetic field. Since the magnetic fields produced by moving charges are proportional to the current, a conductor carrying a current creates a magnetic field around it.
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In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Force Testing of Explanted Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods.

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Explanted MAGEC growing rods often lose function over time. Most explanted rods produced no force, questioning the long-term efficacy of these scoliosis implants.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Pediatric spinal deformity

Background:

  • MAGEC (MAGnetic Expansion Control) growing rods are widely used for early-onset scoliosis.
  • Previous studies focused on MAGEC rod structure, but their functional capacity after implantation was unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the force output of explanted MAGEC rods.
  • To compare the force of explanted rods with new ones.
  • To assess the impact of clinical variables on MAGEC rod function.

Main Methods:

  • Explanted MAGEC rods from multiple centers were tested for force production using a specialized jig.
  • Forces were compared against manufacturer standards and new rods.
  • Clinical data, including implantation duration, were collected and correlated with force measurements.

Main Results:

  • New MAGEC rods met or exceeded the manufacturer's force standard.
  • A significant majority (64%) of explanted MAGEC rods produced no force.
  • Force output was negatively correlated with the duration the rods were implanted; rods in vivo >38 months produced no force.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first study to evaluate the functional force of explanted MAGEC rods.
  • Most explanted MAGEC rods fail to produce adequate force, suggesting potential longevity issues.
  • Further clinical studies are recommended to investigate the long-term outcomes and implications of MAGEC rod function.