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Related Concept Videos

Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

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A copper-mediated reverse aromatic Finkelstein reaction in ionic liquid.

Anh T H Nguyen1,2, Dat P Nguyen2, Ngan T K Phan2

  • 1Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tan Phu Disctrict, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.

Journal of Advanced Research
|July 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method for reverse aromatic Finkelstein reactions using copper halide promoters in a recyclable ionic liquid solvent. This efficient process offers good yields and functional group tolerance for aryl halides.

Keywords:
Aryl halidesCopperFinkelstein reactionHalogen exchangeIonic liquid

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Aromatic Finkelstein reactions are crucial for synthesizing aryl halides.
  • Developing efficient and sustainable methods for these transformations remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a general and efficient method for reverse aromatic Finkelstein reactions.
  • To explore the use of ionic liquids as recyclable solvents in halogen exchange reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Aryl iodides or bromides were reacted with copper halide salts in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) ionic liquid at 140°C for 8 hours.
  • Copper salts acted as both promoters and halide sources.
  • The recyclability and stability of the [BMIM]Br solvent were evaluated over multiple reaction cycles.

Main Results:

  • Good reaction yields were achieved for the reverse aromatic Finkelstein reaction.
  • The method demonstrated excellent functional group tolerance across various substrates.
  • The [BMIM]Br ionic liquid solvent proved stable and recyclable for at least 10 consecutive runs.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, general, and efficient method for reverse aromatic Finkelstein reactions has been developed.
  • The use of copper halides in [BMIM]Br ionic liquid offers a sustainable approach due to solvent recyclability.
  • This method provides a practical and versatile tool for organic synthesis.