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Related Concept Videos

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Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Related Experiment Video

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How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
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Cortical gyrification in schizophrenia: current perspectives.

Yukihisa Matsuda1, Kazutaka Ohi2,3

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.

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|July 28, 2018
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Summary

Cortical gyrification, a brain

Keywords:
cortical gyrificationgyrification indexschizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Brain Morphology

Background:

  • The human cerebral cortex exhibits complex folding patterns known as cortical gyrification, quantified by the gyrification index (GI).
  • Abnormalities in cortical gyrification have been observed in individuals with schizophrenia and those at high risk.
  • Existing research suggests a link between altered gyrification and clinical symptoms, neurological signs, and executive functions in schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight abnormal cortical gyrification patterns in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
  • To discuss potential reasons for conflicting findings regarding increased (hypergyria) or decreased (hypogyria) gyrification index.
  • To emphasize the need for methodological consistency in future research on brain morphology in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published studies on cortical gyrification in schizophrenia.
  • Analysis of studies employing manual tracing GI, automated GI, and local GI.
  • Inclusion of data from patients, first-episode schizophrenia, siblings, and high-risk individuals.

Main Results:

  • Abnormal cortical gyrification is consistently reported across various schizophrenia-related groups.
  • Conflicting findings of both increased (hypergyria) and decreased (hypogyria) gyrification index exist.
  • Potential confounding factors include variations in GI measurement techniques, age, sex, and illness stage/severity.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical gyrification abnormalities are implicated in schizophrenia.
  • Discrepancies in findings necessitate careful consideration of methodological and demographic variables.
  • Future research should standardize GI measurement and account for influencing factors to clarify the role of gyrification in schizophrenia.