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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Electrical Current01:10

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Swine brucellosis: current perspectives.

S C Olsen1, F M Tatum1

  • 1Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA, Steven.olsen@ars.usda.gov.

Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brucella suis causes swine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease primarily transmitted from animals to humans. Whole-herd depopulation is the most effective control, as vaccines and individual diagnostics are lacking.

Keywords:
hostinfectionlivestockpathogenicitytransmissionvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Brucella suis is a significant zoonotic pathogen in domestic and wild swine globally.
  • Human infections primarily stem from animal reservoirs, with rare human-to-human transmission.
  • Swine brucellosis leads to economic losses and poses a public health risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology and control of Brucella suis infections in swine.
  • To highlight the importance of swine brucellosis in disease control programs due to zoonotic potential.
  • To review current diagnostic limitations and control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Brucella suis epidemiology, transmission, and control.
  • Analysis of B. suis biovar prevalence in different geographical regions.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic test performance and vaccine availability.

Main Results:

  • B. suis biovars 1 and 3 are predominant outside Europe; biovar 2 is common in Europe with lower human pathogenicity.
  • Wild and feral swine populations serve as important reservoirs.
  • Current diagnostics have herd-level limitations; no commercial swine vaccine exists.

Conclusions:

  • Effective control of swine brucellosis relies on managing animal reservoirs and preventing human exposure.
  • Whole-herd depopulation is the most effective, though not always feasible, regulatory control measure.
  • Further research into improved diagnostics and preventative vaccines is warranted.