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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

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Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

987
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

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Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
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Sex Differences in Heart Failure.

Gianluigi Savarese1, Domenico D'Amario2

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. gianluigi.savarese@ki.se.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure affects millions globally, with distinct sex differences in prevalence, causes, and symptoms. Despite more comorbidities, women with heart failure generally experience better survival rates than men.

Keywords:
ComorbiditiesHeart failurePathophysiologySex differencesTreatments

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic affecting 26 million adults, with nearly equal prevalence of reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF).
  • Existing research suggests potential sex-based variations in HF epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore and summarize the known sex differences in heart failure characteristics, including prevalence, etiology, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and prognosis.
  • To highlight the underrepresentation of females in cardiovascular research and clinical trials, which may obscure sex-specific HF insights.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and epidemiological data on heart failure prevalence and incidence.
  • Analysis of sex-specific patterns in HF subtypes (HFrEF, HFpEF, HFmrEF), etiological factors, and patient demographics.
  • Examination of reported differences in comorbidities, symptoms, functional status, and outcomes between male and female HF patients.

Main Results:

  • Males are more frequently diagnosed with HFrEF or HFmrEF and ischemic heart disease, while females more commonly present with HFpEF, hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, and valvular issues.
  • Female HF patients are typically older, exhibit higher ejection fraction (EF), report more symptoms, and have a higher burden of comorbidities (e.g., atrial fibrillation, diabetes, renal disease).
  • Despite greater comorbidity burden, females generally demonstrate a better prognosis with lower risks of mortality and hospitalization compared to males, irrespective of EF.

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex differences exist in heart failure, impacting its presentation, underlying causes, and patient characteristics.
  • The generally better prognosis observed in female HF patients warrants further investigation into underlying biological and potentially protective factors.
  • Underrepresentation of females in cardiovascular research and clinical trials poses a challenge to fully understanding and addressing sex-specific needs in HF management and treatment strategies.