Inner Strength-State of the Science
Charles S Smith1, Catherine Dingley2, Gayle Roux3
11 Division of Health Sciences, Rappahannock Community College, Glenns, VA, USA.
Summary
This study traces the development of inner strength knowledge since 1990, highlighting its theory, measurement, and research gaps. Future research directions for inner strength are discussed.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Sociology
Background:
- Inner strength research initiated in 1990.
- Development of middle-range theory and conceptual models for inner strength.
- Measurement instruments for inner strength developed and applied primarily to women and the elderly.
Purpose of the Study:
- To trace the evolution of inner strength knowledge.
- To compare inner strength paradigms from North America and Northern Europe.
- To identify gaps and future research implications for inner strength.
Main Methods:
- Review of inductive designs leading to theory and models.
- Description of empirical testing of inner strength.
- Comparative analysis of North American and Northern European paradigms.
Main Results:
- Established theoretical foundations and measurement tools for inner strength.
- Identified distinct developmental paths in North America and Northern Europe.
- Highlighted existing gaps in the empirical understanding of inner strength.
Conclusions:
- Inner strength knowledge has evolved significantly since 1990.
- Further research is needed to address identified gaps.
- Comparative studies can enrich the understanding of inner strength across different contexts.
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