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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish Danio rerio Laboratory: An Introduction
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Quantitative performance and optimal regularization parameter in block sequential regularized expectation

Edwin E G W Ter Voert1,2, Urs J Muehlematter3, Gaspar Delso4

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland. Edwin.terVoert@usz.ch.

EJNMMI Research
|July 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) PET imaging offers improved image quality over ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM). Optimal regularization (β) for 68Ga-PSMA PET/MR is between 400-550, balancing noise reduction and lesion detection.

Keywords:
68Ga-PSMABSREMClinical researchPET/MRPelvic areaQ.ClearRegularization parameter

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • Block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) offers improved convergence and image quality compared to ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) in positron emission tomography (PET).
  • Previous studies with 18F-FDG PET and BSREM demonstrated enhanced signal-to-noise ratios and standardized uptake values (SUV).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal regularization parameter (β) for time-of-flight (TOF) BSREM reconstruction in 68Ga-PSMA PET/MR imaging of the pelvic region.
  • To compare TOF BSREM reconstructions with TOF OSEM in terms of image quality and lesion detectability.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective reconstruction of 2-minute pelvic emission data from 25 patients undergoing 68Ga-PSMA PET/MR.
  • Utilized TOF BSREM with 15 β values (150-1200) and TOF OSEM (28 subsets, 2 iterations) as reference.
  • Analyzed background noise (SUVstd) and lesion uptake (SUVmax) in defined regions of interest.

Main Results:

  • Increasing β values in BSREM reduced background noise (SUVstd) and lesion SUVmax.
  • BSREM reconstructions with β < 400 showed significantly higher background noise than OSEM (p < 0.01).
  • BSREM reconstructions with β > 600 resulted in lower lesion SUVmax (p < 0.05), potentially obscuring small, low-uptake lesions.

Conclusions:

  • TOF BSREM with 68Ga-PSMA PET/MR yields lower background noise and potentially higher lesion SUVmax compared to TOF OSEM.
  • An optimal β value between 400 and 550 is suggested to balance reduced noise and maintained lesion detectability.