Obesity-related metabolic and reproductive dysfunction: variations between the sexes

Obesity prevalence remains at epidemic levels globally and is showing no signs of abating in either adult or child populations. Areas covered: Obesity-associated metabolic and reproductive diseases appear to be sexually dimorphic. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and male obesity-associated secondary (hypogonadotrophic) hypogonadism (MOSH) represent two of the most common obesity associated endocrinopathies with sex-specific metabo-reproductive aberrations. These two diseases have entirely separate pathogeneses, with characteristic sex-specific clinico-pathological findings. These differences result from effects of sex-specific hormones, including estrogens and androgens. Such differences in sex-hormones also influence patterns of body-fat distribution. Expert commentary: This article focuses on sex-specific obesity-related metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. To illustrate key sex-related differences in the mechanisms by which obesity contributes towards metabolic and reproductive dysfunction, two common obesity-related conditions affecting women and men are considered: respectively, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Male Obesity-associated Secondary Hypogonadism (MOSH).