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Related Concept Videos

Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.4K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
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Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

Self-Awareness and Its Effects

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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption
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Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption

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Pleiotropic Effects of Melatonin.

Danish Mahmood1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Drug Research
|July 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Melatonin, a hormone regulating day/night cycles, exhibits diverse effects beyond its antioxidant properties. It influences numerous bodily functions through receptor binding, nuclear interactions, intracellular proteins, and direct radical scavenging.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Melatonin is a hormone primarily known for regulating circadian rhythms.
  • Its receptor is widely distributed, suggesting broader physiological roles.
  • Melatonin's functions extend beyond its well-established antioxidant activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse pleiotropic effects of melatonin in the human body.
  • To highlight mechanisms underlying melatonin's multifaceted actions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on melatonin.
  • Analysis of melatonin's signaling pathways and molecular interactions.

Main Results:

  • Melatonin modulates vasomotor function, immune responses, lipid metabolism, and endocrine functions.

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  • It exhibits antiapoptotic effects and influences nitric oxide signaling.
  • Melatonin impacts neuronal excitability and redox metabolism, including mitochondrial function.

    • Conclusions:

    • Melatonin acts as a pleiotropic molecule with a wide range of physiological effects.
    • Its actions are mediated through membrane and nuclear receptors, intracellular proteins, and direct radical scavenging.
    • Understanding melatonin's diverse roles is crucial for its therapeutic applications.