Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
Published on: January 11, 2016
[Functional penile reconstruction with skin flaps combined with muscle: a preclinical study]
Objective:
To devAop a new approach for functional penile reconstruction.
Methods:
Total penile reconstruction using innervated gracilis muscles and anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with fascia lata was performed on four human cadavers. Canine models were constructed using gracilis muscles and lower abdominal flap with anterior rectus sheaih, instead of the ALT flap. Seven months later, the erectile function of the neophalli elicited by electrostimulation was evaluated. The length, diameter and stiffness were measured respectively and the results were analyzed statistically using paired-samples t test.
Results:
The penile reconstruction was success with good appearance in the cadaveric study. The hardness of the reconstructed penis in canine models was graded as 1.2 ± 0.4 at rest. With the nerve pedicles stimulated, it increased significantly and was graded as 3.4 ± 0.5 (P < 0.05),while the length shortened and the diameter did not change significantly. A successful erection-mimic course was observed.
Conclusions:
It indicates that penile reconstruction with skin flaps combined with muscle is feasible, serving as a theoretical and technical support for further clinical application.
Related Concept Videos
Combining Functions
Sensory Functions of the Skin
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
Functions of Smooth Muscles
Function of visceral smooth muscles
Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of all hollow organs, except the heart, and is a key player in the involuntary movements that drive the functioning of these internal organs. This tissue is arranged in...
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
Preclinical Development: Overview
Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

