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Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Replication

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins. This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Published on: August 9, 2015

Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast.

Yangyang Shao^1,2, Ning Lu^1,2, Zhenfang Wu³

¹Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

|August 3, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists created a single-chromosome yeast by fusing sixteen chromosomes. This giant chromosome supports life but impacts yeast growth and viability, offering insights into chromosome evolution.

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Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

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Area of Science:

Synthetic biology
Genomics
Cell biology

Background:

Eukaryotic genomes are typically organized into multiple chromosomes.
Chromosome structure is crucial for genome stability and function.
Understanding chromosome organization provides insights into evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a functional single-chromosome yeast from a multi-chromosome Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
To investigate the impact of chromosome number reduction on genome structure and function.
To explore eukaryote evolution concerning chromosome structure and function.

Main Methods:

Utilized successive end-to-end chromosome fusions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Performed targeted centromere deletions to achieve chromosome number reduction.
Analyzed changes in global three-dimensional genome structure using various techniques.
Compared transcriptome and phenome profiles of single-chromosome and wild-type yeast.

Main Results:

Successfully created a viable single-chromosome yeast strain from sixteen native chromosomes.
Observed significant alterations in the three-dimensional genome structure due to chromosome fusion.
Found nearly identical transcriptome profiles between single-chromosome and wild-type yeast.
Noted similar phenome profiles but reduced growth, competitiveness, and viability in the engineered strain.

Conclusions:

A functional single chromosome can support eukaryotic cell life.
Reducing chromosome number drastically alters genome architecture but not global gene expression.
This synthetic biology approach offers a novel way to study chromosome evolution and function.