Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 7, 2026
03:26
Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
Published on: August 28, 2020
2.4K
Medullar impairment resolves hiccups.
Toshiro Obuchi1, Jun-Ichi Wakahara2, Naoyuki Fujimura3
1Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan.
Journal of Thoracic Disease
|August 3, 2018
Summary
Elevating arterial blood (PaCO2) and venous blood (PvCO2) carbon dioxide levels to match during rebreathing stops hiccups. This finding supports previous research on CO2 levels and hiccup cessation.
Area of Science:
- Physiology
- Respiratory Medicine
- Neurology
Background:
- Previous research identified hiccup cessation with expiratory gas (EtCO2) and inspiratory gas (InspCO2) reaching ~50 mmHg.
- This study investigates precise arterial blood (PaCO2) and venous blood (PvCO2) carbon dioxide levels during rebreathing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the exact PaCO2 and PvCO2 values at which hiccups cease during rebreathing.
- To provide further evidence for the role of CO2 levels in hiccup suppression.
Main Methods:
- A healthy volunteer performed a 20 L plastic bag rebreathing experiment.
- Measurements included SpO2, EtCO2, InspCO2, PaCO2, and PvCO2 at specific points during rebreathing.
Main Results:
- PaCO2 matched EtCO2 and InspCO2 when they became equal (P1).
- PaCO2, EtCO2, and InspCO2 increased at the same rate, reaching PvCO2 levels at 50 mmHg (P2).
- All measured CO2 levels converged and increased uniformly after P2.
Conclusions:
- Achieving equal PaCO2 and PvCO2 levels consistently stops hiccups.
- Significant alteration in the cerebellum-medulla balance is crucial for hiccup cessation, alongside CO2 level changes.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment
480
Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
480
01:08Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment
281
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
281
01:45Kidney Structure
75.4K
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
75.4K
02:37Restarting Stalled Replication Forks
6.4K
DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
6.4K
01:41Social Traps
26.9K
Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
26.9K
01:38Cognitive Dissonance
37.5K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
37.5K