Catalytic Janus Colloids: Controlling Trajectories of Chemical Microswimmers

Catalytic Janus colloids produce rapid motion in fluids by decomposing dissolved fuel. There is great potential to exploit these "autonomous chemical swimmers" in applications currently performed by diffusion limited passive colloids. Key application areas for colloids include transporting active ingredients for drug delivery, gathering analytes for medical diagnostics, and self-assembling into regular structures used for photonic materials and lithographic templating. For drug delivery and medical diagnostics, controlling colloidal motion is key in order to target therapies, and transport analytes through lab-on-a-chip devices. Here, the autonomous motion of catalytic Janus colloids can remove the current requirements to induce and control colloid motion using external fields, thereby reducing the technological complexity required for medical therapies and diagnostics. For materials applications exploiting colloidal self-assembly, the additional interactions introduced by catalytic activity and rapid motion are predicted to allow access to new reconfigurable and responsive structures. In order to realize these goals, it is vital to develop methods to control both individual colloidal paths and collective behavior in motile catalytic colloidal systems. However, catalytic Janus colloids' trajectories are randomized by Brownian effects, and so require new strategies in order to be harnessed for transport. This is achievable using a variety of different approaches. For example, self-assembly and control of catalyst geometry can introduce controlled amounts of rotary motion, or "spin" into chemical swimmer trajectories. Furthermore, rotary motion combined with gravity, produces well-defined orientated helical trajectories. In addition, when catalytic colloids interact with topographical features, such as edges and trenches, they are steered. This gives rise to a new approach for autonomous colloidal microfluidic transport that could be deployed in future lab-on-a-chip devices. Chemical gradients can also influence the motion of catalytic Janus colloids, for example, to cause collective accumulations at specific locations. However, at present, the predicted theoretical degree of control over this phenomenon has not been fully verified in experimental systems. Collective behavior control for chemical swimmers is also possible by exploiting the potential for the complex interactions in these systems to allow access to self-assembled, dynamic and reconfigurable ordered structures. Again, current experiments have not yet accessed the breadth of possible behavior. Consequently, continued efforts are required to understand and control these interaction mechanisms in real world systems. Ultimately, this will help realize the use of catalytic Janus colloids for tasks that require well-controlled motion and structural organization, enabling functions such as analyte capture and concentration, or targeted drug delivery.