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Retinal structure and function in monkeys with fetal alcohol exposure.

Joseph Bouskila1, Roberta M Palmour2, Jean-François Bouchard3

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Behavioral Science Foundations, Saint Kitts and Nevis; School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) in monkeys causes retinal changes, including increased vascularization and intraocular pressure. These alterations, marked by astrogliosis, suggest premature retinal aging and increased cone photoreceptor sensitivity.

Keywords:
AstrocytesCone photoreceptorsElectroretinographyFetal Alcohol exposureFundusHistologyImmunohistochemistryIntraocular pressureMonkeysWestern blots

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • In utero ethanol exposure causes brain and retinal abnormalities.
  • Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) in vervet monkeys suggests premature retinal aging.
  • The cellular mechanisms of FAE-induced retinal changes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the anatomo-functional mechanisms of retinal changes in FAE monkeys.
  • To investigate in vivo and ex vivo retinal alterations in FAE versus normal monkeys.
  • To determine if FAE impacts retinal vascularization, intraocular pressure, and cellular responses.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo fundus examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and flicker electroretinography (ERG).
  • Ex vivo Western blotting, histology, and immunohistochemistry for protein expression and retinal organization.
  • Analysis of specific cell type markers in photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and other retinal neurons.

Main Results:

  • FAE monkeys exhibited increased fundus vascularization and IOP.
  • Significantly higher light-adapted flicker ERG responses (>15 Hz) were observed in FAE monkeys.
  • Increased Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity indicated astrogliosis in the FAE retinal ganglion cell layer, persisting from juvenile to adult stages.

Conclusions:

  • FAE induces anatomical changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer, characterized by astrogliosis.
  • These changes correlate with increased cone photoreceptor photosensitivity and suggest premature retinal aging.
  • The observed alterations in FAE monkeys highlight significant functional and structural impacts on the retina.