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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

Next-generation genetic code expansion.

Pol Arranz-Gibert¹, Koen Vanderschuren¹, Farren J Isaacs²

¹Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Equal contribution.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

|August 4, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists engineered the translation machinery to incorporate nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) into proteins, expanding the genetic code. This enables the creation of novel functionalized proteins and materials through whole genome recoding and advanced molecular evolution methods.

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Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The genetic code has been expanded through site-specific incorporation of nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs).
Conventional methods involve engineering transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) from archaea into bacterial and eukaryotic systems.
Recent advances in genome engineering allow for whole genome recoding, repurposing removed codons for nsAA incorporation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in engineering the translation apparatus for genetic code expansion.
To highlight methods enabling site-specific and multisite incorporation of nsAAs and nonstandard monomers (nsM).
To discuss the potential for producing functionalized proteins and novel materials.

Main Methods:

Engineering of translation systems (tRNAs, aaRS) for nsAA encoding.
Development of whole genome recoding strategies to create alternative genetic codes.
Utilizing engineered ribosomes and molecular evolution for enhanced incorporation capabilities.

Main Results:

Successful site-specific incorporation of nsAAs into proteins has been achieved.
Whole genome recoding has led to organisms with alternative genetic codes for nsAA insertion.
Multisite incorporation of nsAAs and nsM is now feasible.

Conclusions:

Engineering the translation apparatus significantly expands the genetic code.
These advancements facilitate the template-directed production of functionalized proteins and novel polymers.
The development paves the way for genetically encoded materials with tailored properties.