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Interphase

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.

Interphase

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate...

Group Polarization

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates

The polar coordinate system offers an alternative to the Cartesian coordinate system for specifying points in a plane, using a distance and an angle instead of x and y coordinates. This system is particularly advantageous in situations involving circular or rotational symmetry, such as in physics or engineering problems involving waves, oscillations, or orbital paths.Defining Polar CoordinatesIn polar coordinates, a point is represented as P(r, ��), where r is the radial distance...

Polarity of the Cytoskeleton

Polarity of the Cytoskeleton

The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

Giant polarization in super-tetragonal thin films through interphase strain.

Linxing Zhang¹, Jun Chen^2,3, Longlong Fan¹

¹Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|August 4, 2018

Summary

Strain engineering using interphase strain creates super-tetragonal lead titanate (PbTiO3) thin films. This method achieves giant polarization and enhanced thermal stability, offering a new path for functional material enhancement.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Thin Film Technology

Background:

Strain engineering is a key method for improving functional material properties.
Developing methods to achieve enhanced properties like super-tetragonality and high polarization is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a general and practical method for achieving super-tetragonality and giant polarization using interphase strain.
To investigate the structural and ferroelectric properties of engineered lead titanate (PbTiO3) thin films.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of epitaxial composite thin films using interphase strain.
Characterization of lattice parameters and polarization using advanced techniques.
Thermal stability analysis of the engineered phase.

Main Results:

Achieved an out-of-plane-to-in-plane lattice parameter ratio of 1.238 in PbTiO3 thin films, significantly higher than bulk (1.065).
Observed a giant remanent polarization of 236.3 µC/cm², nearly double that of known ferroelectrics.
Demonstrated the stability of the super-tetragonal phase up to 725°C, exceeding the bulk transition temperature (490°C).

Conclusions:

The interphase-strain approach is a viable and effective method for inducing super-tetragonality and giant polarization.
Engineered PbTiO3 thin films exhibit significantly enhanced ferroelectric and thermal properties.
This strain engineering strategy holds potential for improving the performance of various other functional materials.