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Related Concept Videos

Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.
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Phase Behavior and Critical Properties of Long-Chain Alkane Confined in Shale Nanopores: A Gauge-Gibbs Monte Carlo Simulations Study.

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Nanoscale Phase Measurement for the Shale Challenge: Multicomponent Fluids in Multiscale Volumes.

Junjie Zhong1, Yinuo Zhao2, Chang Lu2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Ontario , Canada.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shale hydrocarbon recovery faces challenges due to complex phase behavior in nanopores. This study reveals how confinement alters phase changes, impacting energy production and reserve estimates.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Geoscience
  • Thermodynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Shale reservoirs are crucial for global energy, containing complex hydrocarbon mixtures.
  • Understanding phase behavior in multiscale pore geometries is vital for efficient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify hydrocarbon mixture phase behavior in shale nanopores.
  • To investigate the influence of pore size and connectivity on phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Direct imaging of connected channels across four orders of magnitude (10 nm to 10 μm).
  • Supporting density functional theory calculations.

Main Results:

  • Dew point shifts observed, with heavy components condensing early in nanopores due to capillarity and adsorption.
  • Bubble point significantly suppressed (3-fold) in nanoconfinement, falling below the bulk dew point.
  • Heaviest hydrocarbon components become trapped in the smallest connected pores.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoconfinement critically alters hydrocarbon phase behavior in shale.
  • Trapping mechanisms impact hydrocarbon recovery efficiency and reserve estimations.
  • Findings have implications for shale operations and energy security.