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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Translational Control during Developmental Transitions.

Felipe Karam Teixeira1, Ruth Lehmann2

  • 1Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|August 8, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene expression is complex, with protein levels not always matching messenger RNA (mRNA). Translational control, not just transcription, is key for developmental gene expression shifts in embryos and stem cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression is tightly regulated throughout development.
  • Transcriptional regulation has historically been the primary focus of developmental gene expression studies.
  • Quantitative studies show messenger RNA (mRNA) levels do not always correlate with protein levels, indicating post-transcriptional control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review translational regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression.
  • To highlight the role of translation in developmental transitions.
  • To discuss shifts in maternal-to-embryonic programs and stem cell self-renewal to differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on translational control.
  • Analysis of quantitative studies on mRNA and protein levels.
  • Focus on global gene expression transitions during development.

Main Results:

  • Translational mechanisms significantly contribute to the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression.
  • Discrepancies between mRNA and protein levels are partly due to translational control.
  • Translational regulation mediates critical developmental switches.

Conclusions:

  • Translational control is a crucial layer of gene expression regulation during development.
  • Understanding translational mechanisms is essential for comprehending developmental processes.
  • Further research into translational regulation will illuminate early embryonic development and stem cell fate decisions.