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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
Published on: December 16, 2021
Endovascular Treatment for Variceal Hemorrhage: TIPS, BRTO, and Combined Approaches
Andrew J Lipnik1,2, Mithil B Pandhi1, Ramzy C Khabbaz1
1Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois.
Abstract:
Variceal hemorrhage is a feared complication of portal hypertension, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Optimal management requires a thoughtful, multidisciplinary approach. In cases of refractory or recurrent esophageal hemorrhage, endovascular approaches such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) have a well-defined role. For hemorrhage related to gastric varices, the optimal treatment remains to be established; however, there is increasing adoption of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO). This article will review the concept, history, patient selection, basic technique, and outcomes for TIPS, BRTO, and combined TIPS + BRTO procedures for variceal hemorrhage.
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