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Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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ABC Transporters in Dynamic Macromolecular Assemblies.

Simon Trowitzsch1, Robert Tampé1

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|August 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are crucial membrane proteins involved in many cellular functions. Auxiliary domains are key to their function, particularly the peptide-loading complex in adaptive immunity.

Keywords:
ER quality controladaptive immunityglycosylationmajor histocompatibility complexmembrane proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a large family of integral membrane proteins with diverse cellular roles, including nutrient transport, secretion, homeostasis, and immunity.
  • Their involvement in processes like multidrug resistance and immunity makes them significant targets for regulation and drug development.
  • Recent structural studies using X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have provided insights into their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of auxiliary domains in the function and localization of ABC transporters.
  • To highlight the structure and importance of the ABC transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and its associated peptide-loading complex.
  • To emphasize the significance of these structures in adaptive immunity and antigen presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing structural data from X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy.
  • Analysis of functional studies on ABC transporters and their auxiliary domains.
  • Focus on the peptide-loading complex involving the TAP transporter.

Main Results:

  • Auxiliary domains are critical for the proper subcellular localization and regulation of ABC transporters.
  • The peptide-loading complex, involving the TAP transporter, is a key checkpoint in adaptive immunity.
  • Structural insights reveal the mechanism of antigen presentation via the TAP complex.

Conclusions:

  • Auxiliary domains significantly influence ABC transporter function and cellular roles.
  • The TAP-mediated peptide-loading complex is essential for adaptive immunity and antigen presentation.
  • Further structural and functional studies of ABC transporters and their associated complexes hold therapeutic potential.