Differences in nonlinear heart dynamics during rest and exercise and for different training

In this work we want to analyze differences in nonlinear properties between rest and exercise and also to study the permanent effects of physical exercise on heart rate dynamics.

It has been shown that physical exercise alters heart dynamics by increasing heart rate and decreasing variability, modifying spectral power and linear correlations, etc. We hypothesize that physical exercise should also reduce nonlinearity in the heartbeat time series. To quantify nonlinearity in the heartbeat time series, we use an index of nonlinearity recently proposed by Bernaola et al based on correlations of the magnitude time series.

Our results confirm our initial hypothesis of loss of nonlinearity during physical exercise. Moreover, regarding the permanent effects of physical exercise on heart rate dynamics, we also obtain that aerobic physical training tends to increase nonlinearity in heart dynamics during rest.

It is well-known that heart dynamics are controlled by complex interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Moreover, these two branches act in a competing way, resulting in a clear parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic activation during physical exercise. We associate these interactions during physical exercise with a drastic loss of nonlinear properties in the heartbeat time series, revealing the importance of nonlinearity measures in the study of complex systems.