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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
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Demystifying the Flow: Biocatalytic Reaction Intensification in Microstructured Enzyme Reactors.

Juan M Bolivar1,2, Donya Valikhani1, Bernd Nidetzky1,2

  • 1Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, Austria.

Biotechnology Journal
|August 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Continuous flow reactors enhance biocatalysis efficiency. This study optimizes microreactor design for enzyme immobilization, revealing key factors for maximizing space-time-yield and improving biotransformation processes.

Keywords:
biocatalysisflow chemistryimmobilizationmicroreactorsprocess intensification

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and biochemical engineering
  • Microfluidics and reaction engineering

Background:

  • Continuous flow reactors are gaining interest in biocatalysis for improved efficiency.
  • Understanding reaction intensification in flow systems is crucial for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine microreactor design for continuous biotransformations with wall-immobilized enzymes.
  • To assess reaction intensification potential from microscale effects in biocatalysis.
  • To establish process boundaries for enzyme activity and optimize reactor performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized glycosylations by sucrose phosphorylase in a microreactor.
  • Identified key variables and developed relationship equations for optimization.
  • Performed timescale analysis comparing reaction, diffusion, and residence times.

Main Results:

  • Maximum space-time-yield (STY_max) directly correlates with immobilized enzyme activity.
  • Operational conditions for optimal reactor output were identified through timescale analysis.
  • Established process boundaries for enzymes with high and low specific activities.

Conclusions:

  • Microscale effects in flow reactors significantly impact biocatalytic efficiency.
  • Optimized reactor design and operation are key to maximizing space-time-yield.
  • This work provides insights into the application and limitations of microscale flow chemistry in biocatalysis.