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Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
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Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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Sparse Detector Configuration in SiPM Digital Photon Counting PET: a Feasibility Study.

Jun Zhang1, Michelle I Knopp1, Michael V Knopp2

  • 1Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395 W. 12th Avenue, Room 430, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.

Molecular Imaging and Biology
|August 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Solid-state digital photon counting (DPC) PET/CT can maintain image quality with 50% fewer detectors. This finding supports potential cost reductions or expanded field of view for oncologic imaging.

Keywords:
2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucoseDigital photon countingSilicon photomultiplierSolid stateSparse-ring PETWhole-body PET

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Oncologic Imaging

Background:

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is crucial for oncologic staging and monitoring.
  • Solid-state digital photon counting (DPC) technology offers advancements in PET/CT systems.
  • Optimizing detector configurations is key to balancing performance, cost, and capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the minimum number of Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors needed for whole-body [18F]FDG PET/CT using DPC.
  • To evaluate the impact of detector reduction on image quality and diagnostic accuracy in oncologic patients.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a DPC PET/CT system with 23,040 crystal-to-detector couplings.
  • Analyzed sparse-ring configurations with 50% detector reduction in axial and tangential directions.
  • Compared image quality and quantitative measurements (SUVmax) against full-ring configurations in a uniformity phantom and 10 oncology patients.

Main Results:

  • All 112 analyzed lesions (10-95 mm) remained visible with 50% detector reduction across all Body Mass Index (BMI) values.
  • Image quality was not compromised despite a fourfold reduction in DPC PET system sensitivity.
  • Excellent consistency in SUVmax measurements was observed, with an average difference of 5% between full and sparse configurations.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state DPC PET is feasible with a 50% reduction in detectors, maintaining diagnostic performance.
  • This detector reduction strategy can enable significant cost savings or an expanded axial field of view without additional expense.
  • The findings pave the way for more cost-effective and versatile oncologic PET/CT imaging.