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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Teratogenicity01:07

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Teratogen screening with human pluripotent stem cells.

Kathryn E Worley1, Jennifer Rico-Varela, Dominic Ho

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Researchers are developing human stem cell models to better assess chemical teratogens, improving upon animal models for developmental toxicity testing. These new in vitro methods offer more accurate predictions of birth defect risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental toxicology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Birth defects are a significant global health concern.
  • Current animal-based models for teratogen evaluation have limitations in mimicking human development.
  • There is a need for more accurate human-based models to assess developmental toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the field of human teratogenic assays using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
  • To highlight recent advancements in in vitro developmental toxicity testing.
  • To discuss limitations and future directions for human-based teratogenicity assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of various in vitro human developmental toxicity assay platforms.
  • Focus on models utilizing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
  • Platforms discussed include monolayer, micropattern, embryoid body, and 3D organoid cultures.

Main Results:

  • Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based assays are emerging as promising alternatives to animal models.
  • Diverse in vitro platforms are being developed to assess teratogenic potential.
  • These models aim to provide more accurate predictions of chemical developmental toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro human-based models using hPSCs represent a significant advancement in developmental toxicity testing.
  • Continued research and development are crucial to overcome current limitations.
  • These assays hold promise for improving the safety assessment of chemical substances and reducing birth defect risks.