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Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Immune System Development.

Julio Plaza-Díaz1,2,3, Luis Fontana4,5,6, Angel Gil7,8,9,10

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are key components in maternal milk that support newborn immunity. While preclinical studies show benefits, human trials need more research to confirm HMOs' immune-protective effects in infants.

Keywords:
human milk oligosaccharidesintestinal immune systemmicrobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Maternal milk contains human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third-most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids.
  • HMOs are crucial for infant health, influencing immunity by inhibiting pathogen adhesion and growth.
  • Their roles extend to modulating inflammatory gene expression and supporting the gut immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure of HMOs and the infant gut immune system.
  • To summarize the beneficial effects of HMOs from cell and animal studies.
  • To analyze human observational and controlled trials on HMOs' impact on immune development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic HMO structures and the gut immune system.
  • Analysis of preclinical (cell and animal) studies on HMO efficacy.
  • Evaluation of human observational and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning HMOs and immunity.

Main Results:

  • HMOs demonstrate protective effects against microbial infections in breastfed infants via various mechanisms.
  • These mechanisms include modulating cell signaling, gut microbiota, and mucosal invasion.
  • Formula supplemented with HMOs showed inflammatory cytokine patterns similar to breastfed infants.

Conclusions:

  • HMOs play a significant role in infant immune protection, as evidenced by preclinical and observational data.
  • Further robust clinical trials are needed to substantiate the immune benefits observed in preclinical studies.
  • Current RCTs may not fully capture immune effects due to focus on other outcomes like growth and tolerance.