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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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Clinical Usefulness of Therapeutic Neuromodulation for Major Depression: A Systematic Meta-Review of Recent
Alexander McGirr1, Marcelo T Berlim2
1Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, TRW-4D68, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.
Abstract:
The authors conducted a meta-review of meta-analyses published in the past decade on therapeutic neuromodulation (ie, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation) for major depression. Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have been generally associated with small to moderate effect sizes vis-à-vis their efficacy and with similar acceptability compared with sham. Vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation (although more challenging to investigate) have demonstrated preliminary effectiveness, particularly during longer-term follow-up.
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