Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

128.1K
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
128.1K
pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

80.0K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
80.0K
Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

29.6K
Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
29.6K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.9K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.9K
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

9.7K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
9.7K
Scaling01:26

Scaling

596
In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
596

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanistic and scale-specific analyses advance the preference-performance hypothesis.

Ecology·2026
Same author

Predictions From Evolutionary Theory for Urban Environments.

Evolutionary applications·2026
Same author

Evolving nature-based solutions for urban resilience.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

A Multi-City Assessment of Genomic Evolution in the Native Wildflower <i>Impatiens capensis</i>.

Evolutionary applications·2026
Same author

Galling of genotypes of Eucalyptus camaldulensis resistant by Leptocybe invasa is unlikely to be altered by edaphic factors but is not immune to climatic influences - CORRIGENDUM.

Bulletin of entomological research·2026
Same author

Beyond compound‑specific methods: Group‑specific UHPLC-MS/MS enables rapid detection and quantitation of all glucosinolates.

Journal of chromatography. A·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function
10:19

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Published on: November 21, 2015

11.9K

Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale.

Daniel N Anstett1,2,3, Jeffrey R Ahern4, Marc T J Johnson1,2

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|August 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Plant chemical defenses, including ellagitannins and phenolics, were unexpectedly higher in colder climates, challenging traditional herbivore pressure theories. This study on evening primroses reveals novel patterns in plant defense evolution.

Keywords:
BiogeographyLHDHchemical defenseevolutionary ecologylatitudinal gradientmacroevolution

More Related Videos

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
12:19

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

Published on: July 1, 2013

11.3K
A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances
08:18

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Published on: October 10, 2020

6.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function
10:19

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Published on: November 21, 2015

11.9K
Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
12:19

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

Published on: July 1, 2013

11.3K
A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances
08:18

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Published on: October 10, 2020

6.1K

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Chemistry

Background:

  • Plant defenses against herbivores are predicted to increase with temperature and latitude.
  • Existing findings often contradict this prediction, necessitating new hypotheses.
  • Understanding latitudinal gradients in plant defense is crucial for evolutionary ecology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate macroevolutionary patterns of plant chemical defenses across latitudes.
  • To test the hypothesis that plant defenses are greater in warmer, lower-latitude climates.
  • To identify environmental drivers of variation in plant secondary metabolites.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed chemical defenses (phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids) in 80 species of evening primroses.
  • Quantified dominant compounds, total concentrations, and compound diversity using advanced analytical chemistry.
  • Employed phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression to model variation against latitude, temperature, and precipitation.

Main Results:

  • Latitude did not significantly explain variation in plant chemical defenses.
  • Concentrations of fruit total ellagitannins, oenothein A, and total phenolics were higher in colder climates.
  • Contrary to predictions, secondary metabolite concentrations were not greater in lower latitudes or warmer regions.

Conclusions:

  • Plant defense evolution does not consistently follow predictions of increasing defenses in warmer climates.
  • Higher herbivore pressure in colder climates may drive increased plant secondary metabolite concentrations.
  • Resource availability gradients could also influence observed patterns in Oenothera chemical defenses.