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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

High-temperature superconductivity as viewed from the maximum hardness principle.

Wojciech Grochala¹, Mariana Derzsi^2,3

¹Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02089, Warsaw, Poland. w.grochala@cent.uw.edu.pl.

Journal of Molecular Modeling

|August 16, 2018

Summary

High-temperature superconductors are rare due to a scarcity of high-density metals. These materials are metastable, with their stability primarily due to crystal lattice rigidity, not inherent thermodynamic favorability.

Keywords:

Band gap Critical superconducting temperature Density of states Hardness Metal Superconductor

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Theoretical Chemistry
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

The Maximum Hardness Principle (MHP) and Minimum Polarizability Principle (MPP) offer insights into chemical stability.
High-temperature superconductors are crucial but their scarcity and stability remain challenging research areas.

Purpose of the Study:

To rationalize the scarcity of high-temperature superconductors using the MHP/MPP.
To investigate the metastability of high-temperature oxocuprate and iron superconductors.
To explore the role of crystal lattice rigidity in stabilizing these materials.

Main Methods:

Application of the Maximum Hardness Principle (MHP).
Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Analysis of doped CaCu(II)O2 precursor (Na- and La-doped).

Main Results:

High-temperature superconductors are suggested to be energetically metastable.
Their tendency for disproportionation is hindered by crystal lattice rigidity.
Phase separation and superstructure formation are frequently observed in these systems.

Conclusions:

The MHP helps explain the limited availability of high-temperature superconductors.
Metastability, rather than inherent stability, characterizes these materials.
Non-equilibrium synthesis methods are likely essential for fabricating high-temperature superconductors.