Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

545
Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
Interestingly, the hidden cube faces also experience these stresses, equal and...
545
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

821
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
821
Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

3.6K
Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
3.6K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

426
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
426
First-Order Circuits01:15

First-Order Circuits

3.8K
First-order electrical circuits, which comprise resistors and a single energy storage element - either a capacitor or an inductor, are fundamental to many electronic systems. These circuits are governed by a first-order differential equation that describes the relationship between input and output signals.
One common example of a first-order circuit is the RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit. These circuits are used in relaxation oscillators such as neon lamp oscillator circuits. When voltage is...
3.8K
The Y-to-Y Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Y Circuit

758
In a balanced four-wire wye-to-wye system, the arrangement involves wye-connected sinusoidal voltage sources and loads, connected through a neutral wire that links the neutral nodes of the source and load. The load impedance is connected across each phase of the load. The wye-connected source can be connected to the wye-connected load in four-wire and three-wire arrangements. A three-phase system is considered balanced when the load on each phase is equal, leading to uniform current flow and...
758

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Low Abundance of Cytotoxic Natural Killer Cells in Peritoneal Metastasis from Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma Suggests Tumor Immune Escape.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
Same author

The human claustrum supports cognitive networks for externally and internally driven task demands.

PLoS biology·2026
Same author

Selective Organ Site Strategy Versus Debulking in Multiorgan Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Lessons from the ORCHESTRA Trial.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
Same author

Impact of Dedicated Care Coordination on Access to Multidimensional Support Services in Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Pragmatic Trial.

JCO oncology practice·2026
Same author

Dietary sulfur amino acids enhance anti-tumor immunity in colon cancer via an NKT cell-XCL1-cDC1 circuit.

Immunity·2026
Same author

Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma Cytoreduction Outcomes and Perioperative Serum Tumor Marker Levels.

JAMA network open·2026
Same journal

Neurobiological after-effects and clinical efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.

Brain structure & function·2026
Same journal

A conserved pulvinar projection to the amygdala revealed in macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Brain structure & function·2026
Same journal

Cerebellar pathway diffusion MRI measures are linked to core autism symptoms in early adolescents aged 9 to 11 years.

Brain structure & function·2026
Same journal

The role of the subcortical structures in subthreshold depression: evidence from static and dynamic functional connectivity.

Brain structure & function·2026
Same journal

Auditory conditioned fear elicits anxiety-like behavior and differential neuronal remodeling in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex of rats.

Brain structure & function·2026
Same journal

Brain structure and function in Homo naledi.

Brain structure & function·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities
09:38

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Published on: January 29, 2014

11.3K

Claustrum circuit components for top-down input processing and cortical broadcast.

Michael G White1, Brian N Mathur2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, HSF III, RM 9179, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Brain Structure & Function
|August 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) controls actions via the claustrum. Researchers identified distinct claustrum neuron types and found that type II neurons preferentially burst fire, influencing cortical coordination.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulate cortexBurst fireMembrane propertiesParietal association cortexVisual cortices

More Related Videos

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

552
Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
08:49

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

13.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities
09:38

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Published on: January 29, 2014

11.3K
Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

552
Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
08:49

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Cellular Electrophysiology

Background:

  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a crucial role in top-down cognitive control of action.
  • The claustrum, with its extensive cortical connections, is strategically positioned to relay ACC signals to other brain regions.
  • Understanding claustrum function requires characterizing its projection neuron subtypes and their regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify projection neuron subtypes within the claustrum.
  • To investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing their neuronal firing.
  • To determine how different claustrum neuron subtypes innervate various cortical areas.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in adult mouse brain slices.
  • Optogenetic stimulation of ACC afferents.
  • Characterization of neuronal firing properties and calcium dependence.

Main Results:

  • Two spiny projection neuron subtypes (type I and II) and three aspiny interneuron subtypes (type III, IV, and V) were identified in the claustrum.
  • Type II neurons exhibited preferential burst firing compared to type I neurons upon ACC stimulation.
  • Burst firing in type II neurons was calcium-dependent and modulated by voltage-gated potassium channels.
  • Type I and type II neurons differentially innervated the visual cortex, parietal association cortex, and ACC.

Conclusions:

  • The claustrum exhibits significant neuronal diversity, with distinct projection neuron subtypes.
  • Specific firing patterns, like burst firing in type II neurons, are key mechanisms for processing ACC commands.
  • Differential innervation patterns by claustrum neuron subtypes contribute to the spatiotemporal coordination of cortical activity.