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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the...
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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
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Endogenous Selection Bias: The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable.

Felix Elwert1, Christopher Winship2

  • 1Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

Annual Review of Sociology
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Endogenous selection bias, a challenge in causal inference, arises from conditioning on collider variables. This graphical method helps identify and understand its impact in various social science fields.

Keywords:
causalityconfoundingdirected acyclic graphsidentificationselection

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Causal Inference
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Endogenous selection bias poses a significant challenge in causal inference.
  • Identifying this bias in practice can be complex.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture the nuances of selection bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a graphical method for characterizing endogenous selection bias.
  • Enhance understanding of the consequences of endogenous selection bias.
  • Differentiate endogenous selection bias from other forms of bias like confounding and overcontrol.

Main Methods:

  • Utilize causal graphs, specifically directed acyclic graphs (DAGs).
  • Define and illustrate the concept of a collider variable.
  • Demonstrate bias arising from conditioning on colliders at various stages (pre-treatment, post-treatment, post-outcome).

Main Results:

  • Endogenous selection bias results from conditioning on collider variables.
  • Colliders are variables caused by both treatment-related and outcome-related factors.
  • The bias can manifest regardless of when the conditioning occurs in relation to treatment and outcome.

Conclusions:

  • The graphical approach provides a clear framework for identifying endogenous selection bias.
  • Understanding collider-based bias is crucial for accurate causal inference in social sciences.
  • The method aids in distinguishing selection bias from common-cause confounding and overcontrol bias.