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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

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Pathogens and autoimmune hepatitis.

U Christen1, E Hintermann1

  • 1Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) involves the immune system attacking the liver. While genetic factors like human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes increase risk, environmental triggers such as pathogen infections are crucial for disease development.

Keywords:
CYP2D6Inflammationautoimmunitymolecular mimicryvirus infection

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease caused by autoimmune destruction of liver cells.
  • While some immunopathogenic mechanisms and disease drivers are known, the exact causes of AIH remain unclear.
  • Genetic factors, including human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, are associated with AIH susceptibility and severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential role of pathogens as triggers for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
  • To explore environmental factors that may initiate or propagate AIH, beyond known genetic predispositions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) etiology.
  • Analysis of the interplay between genetic risk factors and environmental triggers.
  • Discussion of potential roles for infections and vaccinations in AIH pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Genetic risk factors alone do not fully explain AIH occurrence; not all carriers develop the disease, and not all patients carry high-risk alleles.
  • Environmental factors, including diet, stress, medication, hygiene, and pathogen infections, are considered essential triggers.
  • The review specifically examines the evidence for pathogens initiating or worsening AIH.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors, particularly pathogen infections, are likely critical in triggering autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which pathogens may contribute to AIH.
  • Understanding these triggers is key to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for AIH.