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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

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The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Multiscale Functional Imaging of Interfaces through Atomic Force Microscopy Using Harmonic Mixing.

Joseph L Garrett, Marina S Leite, Jeremy N Munday

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    |August 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a new multiscale functional imaging technique for atomic force microscopy (AFM). Harmonic mixing (HM) improves spatial resolution by up to two times, enabling clearer material interface imaging.

    Keywords:
    Kelvin probe force microscopybimodal AFMfunctional imagingscanning probe microscopyvan der Waals materials

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    Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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    Area of Science:

    • Surface Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Microscopy

    Background:

    • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) spatial resolution is limited by tip-sample separation forces.
    • Resolving fine material interfaces requires enhanced imaging techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel multiscale functional imaging technique for tunable spatial resolution in AFM.
    • To overcome the limitations of conventional AFM in resolving material interfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a multifrequency method involving harmonic mixing (HM) of cantilever oscillation harmonics with a modulated force.
    • Controlled the tip-sample separation (d) dependence of the force signal.
    • Applied the technique to Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and bimodal AFM.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved up to a twofold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional AFM methods.
    • Successfully separated conservative and dissipative forces using bimodal AFM with HM.
    • Identified adhesive residue on exfoliated graphene.
    • Demonstrated applicability to various forces (electrostatic, magnetic, photoinduced).

    Conclusions:

    • The harmonic mixing (HM) technique offers in situ tunable spatial resolution for AFM.
    • This method enhances the ability to image inhomogeneous materials, devices, and interfaces.
    • HM is a versatile tool for multiscale functional imaging, applicable across diverse force interactions.