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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Single-Molecule Sequencing: Towards Clinical Applications.

Adam Ameur1, Wigard P Kloosterman2, Matthew S Hestand3

  • 1Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 75108, Sweden; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; All authors contributed equally to this work; ORCID: 0000-0001-6085-6749 (A. Ameur) and 0000-0003-3357-4580 (W.P. Kloosterman).

Trends in Biotechnology
|August 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-read sequencing technologies offer new clinical applications by enabling analysis of previously inaccessible genomic regions and direct detection of epigenetic marks. These advancements are transforming diagnostics for various diseases.

Keywords:
clinical sequencinglong readsnanoporenext-generation sequencingsingle-molecule sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Bioinformatics
  • Clinical Diagnostics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Short-read sequencing platforms have limitations in analyzing complex genomic regions.
  • Emergence of single-molecule sequencing technologies (e.g., Pacific Biosciences, Oxford Nanopore Technologies) provides long reads.
  • These long reads facilitate sequencing through difficult genomic areas like repetitive elements and extreme GC content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applications of long-read single-molecule sequencing technologies.
  • To highlight how these platforms are expanding diagnostic capabilities.
  • To discuss their utility across various medical fields.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current single-molecule sequencing platforms and their capabilities.
  • Analysis of published data and ongoing research utilizing these technologies.
  • Focus on applications in clinical settings and their impact on disease understanding.

Main Results:

  • Long-read sequencing enables direct analysis of previously intractable genomic regions.
  • Structural variation characterization is achieved at unprecedented resolution.
  • Direct detection of epigenetic modifications in native DNA is now possible.

Conclusions:

  • Single-molecule sequencing platforms are opening new clinical avenues for disease diagnosis and research.
  • Applications span pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, constitutional disorders, pharmacogenomics, and cancer.
  • These technologies promise to revolutionize clinical genomics and personalized medicine.