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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Types of Semiconductors01:20

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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
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Power01:08

Power

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The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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High-power tunable low-noise coherent source at 1.06  μm based on a surface-emitting semiconductor laser.

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    Vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) offer high power and tunability. This study demonstrates a robust, compact VECSEL laser system achieving 50W single-frequency output, ideal for various applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Lasers
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) leverage III-V semiconductor technology for high-power, coherent, and tunable laser development.
    • Combining VECSELs with fiber amplification enables flexible boosting of tunable, single-frequency lasers to tens of watts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a high-power, single-frequency, broadly tunable laser system utilizing VECSEL technology.
    • To achieve robust single-frequency operation through a compact VECSEL design without movable intracavity elements.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a VECSEL device emitting in the near-infrared (around 1.06 µm).
    • Integration of the VECSEL with fiber amplification to boost output power.
    • Characterization of laser output power, beam quality, linewidth, spectral purity, and tunability.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high output power (>100 mW) with a diffraction-limited TEM00 beam from the VECSEL.
    • Demonstrated a narrow free-running linewidth (<400 kHz), high spectral purity (>55 dB SMSR), and broad tunability (>250 GHz).
    • Attained a 50 W single-frequency output power after fiber amplification, tunable from 1057 to 1066 nm, with low relative intensity noise (-145 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz).

    Conclusions:

    • The compact, robust VECSEL design enables stable single-frequency operation.
    • The VECSEL-fiber amplifier system provides a versatile platform for high-power, tunable, single-frequency laser generation.
    • The demonstrated laser system meets the shot-noise limit at high frequencies, indicating excellent noise performance.