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Related Concept Videos

Rolling Without Slipping01:09

Rolling Without Slipping

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People have observed the rolling motion without slipping ever since the invention of the wheel. For example, one can look at the interaction between a car's tires and the surface of the road. If the driver presses the accelerator to the floor so that the tires spin without the car moving forward, there must be kinetic friction between the wheels and the road's surface. If the driver slowly presses the accelerator, causing the car to move forward, the tires roll without slipping. It is...
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Rolling With Slipping01:14

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Rolling with slipping is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a rolling object experiences both rotational and linear motion but also experiences frictional forces that cause slipping. This phenomenon can occur in various situations, such as when a tire rolls on a wet road or a ball rolls on a rough surface.
An object's rolling motion is characterized by its rotation around its axis, while linear motion refers to the object's translational motion along a surface. Frictional forces can...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Work Done Over an Inclined Plane01:11

Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

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The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ignored, and the external forces can be considered in the work-energy theorem.
The work done by gravity to move a rigid body, or the work done by an opposing force to move a rigid body against gravity, can be calculated using the center-of-mass framework. It is the line integral of the force of gravity over the path, considered positive if...
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Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
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Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving01:17

Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving

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Rolling resistance, also known as rolling friction, is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel, tire, or ball, when it moves over a surface. It is caused by the deformation of the object and the surface in contact with each other, as well as other factors like internal friction, hysteresis, and energy losses within the materials. Rolling resistance opposes the object's motion, requiring additional energy to overcome it and maintain movement. In practical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
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Roll angle measurement system based on differential plane mirror interferometer.

Kai Shi, Junhong Su, Wenmei Hou

    Optics Express
    |August 19, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new precision roll angle measurement system uses a differential plane mirror interferometer (DPMI) for highly accurate measurements. This system achieves excellent stability and low deviation, proving its effectiveness in precise angle detection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Precision Engineering

    Background:

    • Accurate roll angle measurement is critical in various scientific and industrial applications.
    • Existing methods may lack the required precision or stability for demanding tasks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and theoretically analyze a novel precision roll angle measurement system.
    • To demonstrate the system's capability for high-accuracy angle determination.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a precision roll angle measurement system utilizing a differential plane mirror interferometer (DPMI).
    • Integration of a wedgy angle prism and reflector within the DPMI to create diagonal symmetry in beams.
    • Theoretical analysis of the measurement principle.

    Main Results:

    • The system achieved a residual error of less than 1 μrad for the nanopositioning stage and roll angle system.
    • Experimental results demonstrated satisfactory stability for the roll angle measurement.
    • The average deviation in measurement experiments was found to be less than 5 μrad.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed DPMI-based system is effective for precision roll angle measurement.
    • The experimental results validate the theoretical principles and the system's performance.
    • The system offers high accuracy and stability suitable for demanding metrology applications.