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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Naming Skeletal Muscles01:19

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The naming of the approximately 700 muscles in the human body is based on a set of criteria designed to provide descriptive information about each muscle, making it easier to identify and remember them.
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues
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3D Bioprinted Human Skeletal Muscle Constructs for Muscle Function Restoration.

Ji Hyun Kim1, Young-Joon Seol1, In Kap Ko1

  • 1Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States.

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Researchers developed a 3D bioprinted skeletal muscle tissue using human cells. This bioengineered muscle achieved significant functional recovery in animal models, offering a promising alternative for reconstructive surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Autologous tissue flaps are currently used in reconstructive surgery, but alternatives are needed.
  • Existing methods for creating engineered muscle constructs have limitations in achieving 3D organization and cell viability for human trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate an implantable, bioengineered skeletal muscle tissue using 3D bioprinting.
  • To evaluate the structural, functional, and integration capabilities of the bioprinted muscle in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 3D bioprinting strategy with human primary muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs).
  • Constructed multi-layered, organized muscle bundles with aligned myofiber-like structures.
  • Assessed functional recovery, vascularization, and neural integration in a rodent tibialis anterior muscle defect model.

Main Results:

  • The bioprinted skeletal muscle exhibited a highly organized, multi-layered structure with viable, aligned myofibers.
  • Achieved 82% functional recovery in a rodent muscle defect model by 8 weeks post-implantation.
  • Demonstrated successful integration with host vascular and neural networks.

Conclusions:

  • 3D bioprinting can create implantable skeletal muscle tissue with organized structures.
  • This bioengineered muscle shows potential for reconstructing extensive muscle defects.
  • The approach offers a viable alternative to autologous tissue flaps in reconstructive surgery.