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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
Published on: November 27, 2016
Immense Insulin Intestinal Uptake and Lymphatic Transport Using Bile Acid Conjugated Partially Uncapped Liposome
Kyoung Sub Kim1, Dong Sup Kwag2, Hee Sook Hwang1
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States.
Abstract:
We provide immense insulin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, combining apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter-mediated intestinal uptake and the lymphatic transport pathway. This strategy has proven to employ chondroitin sulfate- g-taurocholic acid coated, insulin-loaded partially uncapped liposome (IPUL-CST) for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment. The loading efficiency of insulin in IPUL-CST increased significantly from 33% to 75% via the partially uncapped liposome preparation method. Moreover, the IPUL-CST revealed an improved insulin protection efficacy in GIT simulated pH and digestive enzyme conditions. The high dose of IPUL-CST in the small intestine was detected 4 h post-oral administration using ex vivo optical imaging and fluorescence intensity. The IPUL-CST exhibited significantly enhanced intestinal absorption (oral bioavailability, 34%; Tmax, 9 h) and reduced blood glucose levels for 16 h in T1DM. The results demonstrated that the new investigated IPUL-CST is a promising carrier for oral insulin delivery.
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