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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Related Experiment Video

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Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption
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Melatonin Mitigates Mitochondrial Meltdown: Interactions with SIRT3.

Russel J Reiter1, Dun Xian Tan2, Sergio Rosales-Corral3

  • 1Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. reiter@uthscsa.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria produce melatonin in all cells, functioning within the cell rather than circulating. Melatonin and SIRT3 collaborate to manage mitochondrial redox balance, with implications for aging and age-related diseases.

Keywords:
antioxidant enzymesmolecular pathwaysoxidative phosphorylationoxidative stressreactive oxygen speciessirtuins

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Mitochondrial Research

Background:

  • Melatonin, initially believed to be solely from the pineal gland, is now known to be synthesized in various organs and mitochondria.
  • Mitochondrial melatonin production is stress-inducible and functions intracellularly, unlike systemically circulating melatonin.
  • Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, regulates mitochondrial redox state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse functions of melatonin within mitochondria.
  • To investigate the interplay between melatonin and SIRT3 in mitochondrial physiology.
  • To predict future research directions and applications of mitochondrial melatonin research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on melatonin and SIRT3.
  • Analysis of the proposed collaborative mechanisms between melatonin and SIRT3.
  • Predictive modeling of future research avenues.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria in virtually all cells produce melatonin, independent of photoperiod but inducible by stress.
  • Mitochondrial melatonin acts intracellularly and shares functional similarities with SIRT3.
  • Melatonin and SIRT3 were shown to post-translationally interact to regulate mitochondrial free radical homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin and SIRT3 are key players in mitochondrial redox regulation.
  • Further investigation into melatonin-SIRT3 interactions is warranted.
  • Understanding these interactions may lead to interventions for age-related diseases and aging.